Parking Slot Meaning In Tamil

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The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority regulates developments in Chennai Metropolitan Area through issue of Planning Permission (PP) under section 49 of the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act 1971.

Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority has delegated powers to the Local Bodies within the Chennai Metropolitan Area to issue planning permission for ordinary buildings and buildings under normally permissible categories of Industrial, Residential,Institutional and Commercial use zones and also sub-divisions & small layouts. Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority issues planning permissions to major developments like Special buildings and Group Developments and other buildings under special sanction of the Authority by itself, layouts for which powers were not delegated to Local Bodies and for Multi-storeyed / IT Buildings (MSB) with Government’s approval.

The ‘B’ Channel is in-charge of processing PP applications for Special Buildings and Group developments.

The ‘C’ Channel is in charge of processing PP applications for major Industries and Institutional buildings for which powers were not delegated to local bodies.

The Layout channel is in charge of processing PP applications for major sub-divisions and layouts for which powers were not delegated to local bodies.

The MSB & IT MSB channel is in charge of processing PP applications for all types of Multi- storeyed buildings including IT and ITES.Non MSB IT or ITES buildings are also dealt in this channel

The details of the Norms set by CMDA for execution of Planning Permission

Parking Slot Meaning In Tamil Nadu

The First essential requisite follows the procedure

It’s a lot easier to get permission to construct a building now. Those tedious delays are things of the past. The new streamlined procedure of the CMDA ensures that you get your permission early.

What is Planning Permission?

Before you undertake any development you have to obtain Planning Permission from theCMDA, which is a must under the Town and Country Planning Act. The permission is valid for 3 years from the ate of issue.

How do you obtain Planning Permission?

Two categories of applications have been prescribed. Form ‘A’ for laying out of lands for building purposes Form ‘B’ & Form ‘C’ an undertaking from the applicant/owner.

You can get an application form from the office of CMDA. Chennai Corporation, Municipalities, Town Panchayats and Panchayat Union Offices.

What are the documents to be attached to the application?

Form ‘A’ for laying out of lands and Form ‘B’ &‘C’ for building construction. Form ‘B’ duly filled in signed by the owner and Licensed Surveyor,Architect and Power of attorney holder/lease holder along with the documents, plans and other particulars detailed out in the checklist.

With whom should you file the application?

With Chennai City Municipal Corporation / Municipality / Town Panchayat / Panchayat Union as the case may be depending upon location for all ordinary buildings and other buildings for which powers to issue planning permission has been delegated.

In case of Special Buildings (Ground + 3 floors) group development or Multi-storeyed building (more than 4 floors), applications directly admitted in CMDA.

On what basis is planning permission issued?

Your application will be scrutinized for its conformity to the land use for which the site has been designated under the Master Plan or the Detailed Development Plan, compliance of the Development Regulations. If it satisfies the Development Regulations, planning permission will be issued, and if not, planning permission will be refused by the local Authority / CMDA.

Will the site be inspected?

Your site will invariable be inspected by the Building Plan Inspector / TownPlanning Officer of the Local Body /Officers of CMDA.

What are your rights if you are aggrieved by the decision?

If permission is refused by the local body or CMDA you can prefer an appeal to theGovernment.

What happens if you do not apply for Planning Permission at all?

If you carry out any development without proper permission it will be an unauthorized development. Construction made without permission can be demolished or kept under lock and seal under the Act.

In case of deviation to be made with reference to an approved plan also, permission is to be obtained. A revised plan showing the deviations should be submitted and the procedure for the approval of the original plan will apply to all such deviation plans also.

Should you pay a licence fee / Development charge?

If your application is fit to be approved a demand will be sent to you by CMDA / the local body for payment of development charge. The rate will depend on the location of the site, proposed use and the floor area.

What is your obligation as a developer within the CMDA?

Obtain permission for any development / construction you decide to carry out. Complete development as per the approved plan within the time prescribed in the planning permit.

Where you can get details on land use and clarification on Development Regulations?

At the Counseling and Consultancy Counter in the first floor of CMDA’s Office complex at Thalamuthu-Natarajan Maligai, No.1, Gandhi-Irwin Road, Egmore, Chennai-600 008.

What services are rendered at the counseling and consultancy counter?

• Information of Land use both oral as well as in writing across the table.

• For copies of plans approved by CMDA both for plots as well as buildings (Approval Number .to be given and fees to be paid depending on size).

• For copies of Development Regulations (Master Plan), Application forms, check lists.

• Clarifications on applicability of Development Regulations.

• Admission of planning permission application for Special Buildings / Group developments and Multi-storeyed / IT buildings, also ordinary buildings with stilt parking floor.

• Sale of other forms and publications of CMDA.

• Advise on the preparation of plan in accordance with the Development Regulation.

An automated (car) parking system (APS) is a mechanical system designed to minimize the area and/or volume required for parking cars. Like a multi-story parking garage, an APS provides parking for cars on multiple levels stacked vertically to maximize the number of parking spaces while minimizing land usage. The APS, however, utilizes a mechanical system to transport cars to and from parking spaces (rather than the driver) in order to eliminate much of the space wasted in a multi-story parking garage.^[1] While a multi-story parking garage is similar to multiple parking lots stacked vertically, an APS is more similar to an automated storage and retrieval system for cars.^[1] The paternoster (shown animated at the right) is an example of one of the earliest and most common types of APS.^[2]

APS are also generically known by a variety of other names, including: automated parking facility (APF), automated vehicle storage and retrieval system (AVSRS), car parking system, mechanical parking, and robotic parking garage.

History[edit]

The concept for the automated parking system was and is driven by two factors: a need for parking spaces and a scarcity of available land.The earliest use of an APS was in Paris, France in 1905 at the Garage Rue de Ponthieu.^[2] The APS consisted of a groundbreaking^[2] multi-story concrete structure with an internal elevator to transport cars to upper levels where attendants parked the cars.^[3]

In the 1920s, a Ferris wheel-like APS (for cars rather than people) called a paternoster system became popular as it could park eight cars in the ground space normally used for parking two cars.^[3] Mechanically simple with a small footprint, the paternoster was easy to use in many places, including inside buildings. At the same time, Kent Automatic Garages was installing APS with capacities exceeding 1,000 cars.^[4]

The first driverless parking garage opened in 1951 in Washington, D.C., but was replaced with office space due to increasing land values.^[5]

APS saw a spurt of interest in the U.S. in the late 1940s and 1950s with the Bowser, Pigeon Hole and Roto Park systems.^[2] In 1957, 74 Bowser, Pigeon Hole systems were installed,^[2] and some of these systems remain in operation. However, interest in APS in the U.S. waned due to frequent mechanical problems and long waiting times for patrons to retrieve their cars.^[6] In the United Kingdom, the Auto Stacker opened in 1961 in Woolwich, south east London, but proved equally difficult to operate. Interest in APS in the U.S. was renewed in the 1990s, and there are 25 major current and planned APS projects (representing nearly 6,000 parking spaces) in 2012.^[7] The first American robotic parking garage opened in 2002 in Hoboken, New Jersey.^[8]

While interest in the APS in the U.S. languished until the 1990s,^[2] Europe, Asia and Central America had been installing more technically advanced APS since the 1970s.^[3] In the early 1990s, nearly 40,000 parking spaces were being built annually using the paternoster APS in Japan.^[3] In 2012, there are an estimated 1.6 million APS parking spaces in Japan.^[2]

Parking Slot Meaning In Tamil Nadu

The ever-increasing scarcity of available urban land (urbanization) and increase of the number of cars in use (motorization) have combined with sustainability and other quality-of-life issues^[2][9] to renew interest in APS as alternatives to multi-storey car parks, on-street parking, and parking lots.^[2]

Largest systems[edit]

The Largest Automated Parking Facility in the world is in Al Jahra (Kuwait) and provides 2314 parking spaces.^[10]

The World's Fastest Automated Parking System is in Wolfsburg (Germany) with a retrieval time of 1 Minute and 44 seconds.^[11]

The largest APS in Europe is in Aarhus (Denmark) and provides 1000 parking spaces via 20 car lifts.^[12]

Space saving[edit]

All APS take advantage of a common concept to decrease the area of parking spaces - removing the driver and passengers from the car before it is parked. With either fully automated or semi-automated APS, the car is driven up to an entry point to the APS and the driver and passengers exit the car. The car is then moved automatically or semi-automatically (with some attendant action required) to its parking space.

The space-saving provided by the APS, compared to the multi-story parking garage, is derived primarily from a significant reduction in space not directly related to the parking of the car:

• Parking space width and depth (and distances between parking spaces) are dramatically reduced since no allowance need be made for driving the car into the parking space or for the opening of car doors (for drivers and passengers)
• No driving lanes or ramps are needed to drive the car to/from the entrance/exit to a parking space
• Ceiling height is minimized since there is no pedestrian traffic (drivers and passengers) in the parking area, and
• No walkways, stairways or elevators are needed to accommodate pedestrians in the parking area.

With the elimination of ramps, driving lanes, pedestrians and the reduction in ceiling heights, the APS requires substantially less structural material than the multi-story parking garage. Many APS utilize a steel framework (some use thin concrete slabs) rather than the monolithic concrete design of the multi-story parking garage. These factors contribute to an overall volume reduction and further space savings for the APS.^[7]

Other considerations[edit]

In addition to the space saving, many APS designs provide a number of secondary benefits:

• The parked cars and their contents are more secure since there is no public access to parked cars^[13]
• Minor parking lot damage such as scrapes and dents are eliminated
• Drivers and passengers are safer not having to walk through parking lots or garages^[14]
• Driving around in search of a parking space is eliminated, thereby reducing engine emissions^[13]
• Only minimal ventilation and lighting systems are needed^[3]
• Handicap access is improved^[13]
• The volume and visual impact of the parking structure is minimized^[13]
• Shorter construction time^[7]

Problems[edit]

There have been a number of problems with robotic parking systems,^[15] particularly in the United States.^[16] In addition to technical problems, the systems work well in situations with a relatively balanced throughput, such as shopping malls and train stations, but are unsuited to high peak volume,^[17] such as very high rush hour usage or applications such as stadiums.^[16] In addition, parkers not familiar with the system cause problems,^[17] for example by failing to push the button to alert a fully automated system to the presence of a car to be parked.^[16]

Fully automated vs semi-automated[edit]

Fully automated parking systems operate much like robotic valet parking.^[18] The driver drives the car into an APS entry (transfer) area. The driver and all passengers exit the car. The driver uses an automated terminal nearby for payment and receipt of a ticket. When driver and passengers have left the entry area, the mechanical system lifts the car and transports it to a pre-determined parking space in the system. More sophisticated fully automated APS will obtain the dimensions of cars on entry in order to place them in the smallest available parking space.

The driver retrieves a car by inserting a ticket or code into an automated terminal. The APS lifts the car from its parking space and delivers it to an exit area. Most often, the retrieved car has been oriented to eliminate the need for the driver to back out.

Fully automated APS theoretically eliminate the need for parking attendants.

Semi-automated APS also use a mechanical system of some type to move a car to its parking space, however putting the car into and/or the operation of the system requires some action by an attendant or the driver.

The choice between fully and semi-automated APS is often a matter of space and cost, however large capacity (> 100 cars) tend to be fully automated.

Applications[edit]

By virtue of their relatively smaller volume and mechanized parking systems, APS are often used in locations where a multi-story parking garage would be too large, too costly or impractical.^[7][19] Examples of such applications include, under or inside existing or new structures, between existing structures and in irregularly shaped areas.

APS can also be applied in situations similar to multi-storey parking garages such as freestanding above ground, under buildings above grade and under buildings below grade.

Costs[edit]

The direct comparison of costs between an APS and a multi-story parking garage can be complicated by many variables such as capacity, land costs, area shape, number and location of entrances and exits, land usage, local codes and regulations, parking fees, location, and aesthetic and environmental requirements.

Following is a comparison^[7] of building costs for generic APS and multi-story parking garages:

Parking Slot Meaning In Tamil Typing

The comparison above is for building costs only. Not included, for example, is the cost of land or the opportunity cost of the use of the land (i.e. the value of the additional space made available by the smaller size of the APS). As evidence of the complexities of comparing the costs for APS and multi-story parking garages, the same author presents an actual case study ^[20] as follows:

In this case study, the APS also provides roughly 7,000 sq ft (650 m²) of additional open space compared to the multi-story parking garage which provides no open space and requires minimum setbacks be utilized. Other references^{[2][3][19][21]} also indicate that the cost comparison between APS and multi-story parking garages is highly dependent on the application and the detailed design.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abPatrascu, Daniel (2010), 'How Automated Parking Systems Work', Autoevolution, retrieved 2012-11-16
2. ^ ^abcdefghijSanders McDonald, Shannon.'Cars, Parking and Sustainability'Archived 2013-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, The Transportation Research Forum http://www.trforum.org/.Retrieved on 16 October 2012.
3. ^ ^abcdefHamelink, Ir. Leon J. (2011), The Mechanical Parking Guide 2011, ISBN978-1-466-43786-9
4. ^Oentaryo, R. J.; Pasquier, M. (1 December 2004). 'Self-trained automated parking system'. Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision Conference, 2004. ICARCV 2004 8th. 2: 1005–1010 Vol. 2. doi:10.1109/ICARCV.2004.1468981. ISBN978-0-7803-8653-2.
5. ^'64 years ago, the world's first driverless parking garage opened in DC'.
6. ^Beebe, Richard S. (2001), Automated Parking: Status in the United States(PDF), archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-06-17, retrieved 2012-11-15
7. ^ ^abcdeMonahan, Don (2012), 'Man vs Machine: Is Robotic Parking Right for Your Project?'(PDF), International Parking Institute (September 2012), retrieved 2012-11-15^{[permanent dead link]}
8. ^'Robot parking garage to open in New York'. USA Today.
9. ^Staff, Greenandsave (2012), 'Automated Parking And Garage Lights Take 'Green' Garages To New Levels', GREENandSAVE.com, archived from the original on 2012-11-27, retrieved 2012-11-16
10. ^Guinness World Records 'Largest Automated Parking Facility'
11. ^Guinness World Records 'Fastest Automated Parking Facility'
12. ^'Dokk1'. Dokk1 parking.
13. ^ ^abcdOvrom, Bud; Labds (2011), 'The Parking Dilemma: Innovative Solutions for Parking and Parking Requirements'(PDF), PowerPoint Presentation: 16, archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-06-01, retrieved 2012-11-15
14. ^Atlas, Randall I. (2010), 'Safe Parking: What You Should Do to Protect Employees and Guests'(PDF), International Parking Institute (March), archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-05-21, retrieved 2012-11-16
15. ^The Future Of Robot Valet Parking In UK Airports, 2017, retrieved 2015-11-30
16. ^ ^abcRobles, Frances (2015), 'Road to Robotic Parking Is Littered With Faulty Projects', The New York Times, retrieved 2015-11-30
17. ^ ^abCudney, Gary (May 2003). 'Automated Parking: Is It Right for You?'. Parking Today. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
18. ^House, Jameson, Automated Parking (Video), retrieved 2012-11-16
19. ^ ^abMunn, Charlie (2009), 'Past Hoboken: Automated Parking Facilities Enter Hopeful New Era'(PDF), Parking (March), archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-07-12, retrieved 2012-11-16
20. ^Monahan, Don (2011), 'De-Mystifying Automated Parking Structures', PowerPoint Presentation: 8, retrieved 2012-11-15
21. ^Skelley, Jack (2012), 'Waiting for the Robo-Garage?', Urban Land Magazine (August), retrieved 2012-11-16